A READYMADE TIME TABLE FOR MEDICAL ASPIRANTS

--> Time Table to be followed by a student during coaching days (Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu, Fri & Sat):

Time of the day	Activity	Study Type	Topics Covered	Total Hours
05:00am – 06:00am	Wake up and freshen up/prepare for study
06:00 am – 08:00am	Classes	Coaching hours (although try to study during college hours whenever you have time )	As per schedule	2.0 hours
8:00 – 8:30	Breakfast/newspaper
08:30 – 12:30	Classes	Coaching hours (although try to study during college hours whenever you have time )	As per schedule	6.0 hours
12:30 – 2:00	Lunch, taking bath, maybe sleeping for some time
2:00 – 3:30	Study	New topics(learning)	E.g. Botany-Plant kingdom upto Monera	7.30 hours
3:30 – 5:00	Study	New topics(learning	E.g. ZOO-	9.00HOURS
5.00 – 5.30	A short break , snacks time
5:30 – 8:00	Study	New topics(learning)	E.g. Phy-	11.30 hours
8:00 – 8:30	Break, Dinner
8:30 – 11:00	Study	New topics(learning)	E.g. Che-	14.00 hours

The aim while following the above timetable should be to study for at least 14 Hours.
Stick to the Plan:
Its easy to create a timetable but to stick to the plan is challenging. Make sure that you try to stick to the time table. Don’t postpone things for tomorrow as this will hamper you results.
Note : that this is just a sample timetable and it can be modified to suit your needs. If you want to make some changes then go for it. But the main concept of the timetable should not change

FUNARIA-PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS

1.       A dense patch on the wall contains 25 funaria plants. How many Antheridiophores and Archegoniophores are recognized in these 25 plants.

2.       Antheridium of funaria shows 50 Androcyte mother cells , find out the number of Androgonial    cells , Androcytes and antherozoids

3.       An Antheridial cluster shows 6 Antheridia each one with 20 Androcyte mother cells. How many Antherozoids are liberated from this cluster.

4.       A dense patch contains 20 funaria plants each Antheridial cluster contains 8 Antheriadia each one with 24 Androcytes. How many spermatozoids are liberated from each funaria plant 

5.       An Antheridial cluster contains 5 Antheridia and all are produce 200 spermatozoids. If all Antheridia produce equal no of spermatozoids. How many Androcyte mother cells are produced in each Antheridium.

6.       An Archegonial cluster contains 6 Archegonia what will be the number of following cells from this cluster.

            A)Minimum no of cells present in Archegonial cavities (neck canal+ venter canal )

            B) Total no of cover cells

            C) Minimum no of Neck canal cells

            D) Minimum no of cells degenerated in the archegonial cavities at maturity.

7.       An archegonial cluster contains 8 Archegonia. If all archegonia are involved in fertilization. How many meiotic divisions are takes place in zygotes

8.       A dense patch of funaria plants shows 20capsules. What will be the no of following from this patch.

            A) Total no of Spore sacs      

            B) Total no of peristomial teeth

            C) Total no of peristomial teeth having lignin thicknings

9.       A capsule of Funaria having 28 sporogenous cells. If these cells undergo divisions for four generations to produce spore mother cells, how many spores are liberated from this capsule.

10.       How many spindle apparatai and equatorial plates are required for the formation of 240 spores from sporogenous cells

            [ Sporogenous cells undergo divisions for two generations only]

11.       20 spores of funaria are germinates to produce protonema. Each spore is ruptured on both sides. Each protonema produce 20 buds, How many pyramidal apical cells are recognize in all  protonemas.

12.       If a leaf cell of Funaria shows 20 chromosomes. Each archegonium has minimum no of neck canal cells. what will be the no of chromosomes in the following structures

            a) Root cell

            b) Pyramidal apical cell

            c)Androcyte mother cell 

            d) Venter cavity in each archegonium

            e) All the cover cells in each archegonium

            f) Archegonial cavity 

            g) Chromosomes degenerated at maturity in each archegonium

            h) Chromosomes seen in the T.S of neck of archegonium

KEY

1.     25 and Many

2.     50, 100, 100

3.     240

4.     3840

5.     20

6.     A) 48        B) 24         C) 36       D) 42

7.     0

8.     A) 20        B) 640       C) 320

9.     1792

10.     225, 165

11.     800

12.     a) 20         b) 20         c) 20        d) 40

          e) 80         f) 160        g) 140      h) 140

RHIZOPUS-PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS

14.       A Rhizopus mycelium shows 20 fascicles of sporangiophores. If each fascicle contains minimum number of sporangiophores. What will be the no of sporangia.

15.       A Rhizopus mycelium shows 10 fascicles of sporangiophores each fascicle contains minimum number of sporangiophores. If each sporangium produce 20 spores each one with maximum no of nuclei, How many nuclei are involved in the formation of sporangiospores

16.       A Hypha of Rhizopus shows 20 Intervening empty spaces what will be the no of chlamydospores.

17.       A + Gametangium with 55 nuclei and – Gametangium with 40 nuclei are involved in Gametangial copulation. How many Haploid nuclei are find out in the Zygospore.  

 18.      A zygospore of Rhizopus produces 160 Germspores how many meiotic division are required for the formation of these germs spores.

19.       +Gametangium of Rhizopus contains 60 Nuclei and – Gametangium of Rhizopus contains 85 nuclei. If these two are involved in gametangial copulation. How many haploid nuclei are formed in Zygospore and how many – Germ spores are liberated .

20.       A Germ sporangium of Rhizopus produce 240 Germ spores each one shows 8 nuclei how many + nuclei are involved in Karyogamy takes place in Zygospore

21.       Five Rhizopus stolaniferous gametangia with allele ‘A’ are undergoing fusion with their mating    types and each one consists of 200nuclei , find out the maximum number of Germspores can be formed with Allele ‘A’ from this reproduction

22.       A + Gametangium with 50 nuclei and – Gametangium with 65 nuclei are involved in gametangial copulation. 50% of the diploide nuclei are failed to develop further. How many – germspores are liberated from Germ sporangium.

23.       Two gametangia of a Rhizopus belonging to Rhizopus stolanifer species, one having 55 ‘+’ Nuclei and another having 66 ‘–‘ Nuclei, fused to form Zygospore.  The number of ‘+’ and ‘–‘ meiospores produced respectively in germs sporangium developed from zygospore are:

KEY

14.     40

15.     4000

16.     19

17.     160

18.     40

19.     240, 120

20.     60

21.     2000

22.     50

23.     110,          110

VIRUSES-MEMORY CAPSULES

MEMORY CAPSULES  & MEMORY CHARTS

VIRUSES

Different types of nucleic acids present  in viruses

ss DNA	ds DNA	ss RNA	ds RNA
M13-bacteriophage QX-174 bacteriophage	Many animal viruses. T-even bacteriophages Coli phages Phyto phages--CMV,DMV	Many plant viruses TMV TNV Zoophages-polio virus, Influenza virus	Phyto phages-Wound tumour  virus,Maize rough dwarf virus,Rice dwarf virus Zoo phages-Reo virus Blue tongue virus Bacteriophage-Q6

TMV

        Shape – Rod.                                                       Length – 300 nm

        Diameter – 18 or 19 nm                                      

        No. of capsomeres – 2,130                                  Symmetry – Helical

        Type of Nucleic acid – ss RNA                          Type of virus – Phytophage

        Diameter of central hole – 4nm/40A°                 No. of amino acids in a polypeptide chain – 158

        Length of m RNA involved in the synthesis of each capsomer of TMV – 1621.8A°

        No. of nucleotides present in the mRNA involved in the synthesis of each capsomer of TMV – 477

        No. of nucleotides in the RNA – 6500               Length of RNA – 22100 A°

Bacteriophage

Ø  Length of head – 65 nm                                

Ø  Breadth of head – 95 nm

Ø  Shape of head – Hexagonal                           

Ø  Shape of virus – Tad pole

Ø  Shape of tail – Rod                                        

Ø  Type of nucleic acid – ds DNA

Ø  Length of tail – 95 nm                                               

Ø  Diameter of tail core – 8 nm

Ø  No. of capsomeres in tail – 144                     

Ø  Capsomere rings in tail – 24

Ø  Shape of the tail plate – Hexagonal               

Ø  No. of capsomeres in each ring – 6

Ø  No. of appendages attached to the tail – 12  

Ø  Approximate length of bacteriophage – 160 nm

Ø  Approximate length of bacteriophage DNA – 1,60, 000 nm = 0.16 mm

Sequence of changes takes place during  lytic cycle

Collision between the virions and the bacterial cells- The phages get attached to the surface of the host at specific sites - Secretion of lysozyme - Formation of a hole in bacterial cell wall due to the action of lysozyme - Injection of phage DNA in to the host cell - Degradation of host DNA - Synthesis of coat proteins - Replication of phage DNA- Synthesis of different components of capsid - Assemblage of components and formation of complete virions - Host cell wall ruptures due to the action of lysozyme and the virisons are released.

Scientist Name

Discovery

Alexander fleming Waksman Anton van leeuwenhoek Ehrenberg Louis Pasteur and Robert koch Earnest Haeckel Whittaker Christian Gram Frederick Griffith Lederberg and Tatum Lederberg and Zinder Heidi schulz Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Andre Lwoff Iwanowski Beijerinck Stanley Pierie and Bawden Gierrer and Schramm Frankel and Conrat Franklin et al Twort Felix ‘d’ Herelle

Discovered pencillin from a fungus penicillium notatum Isolated an antibiotic from a bacterium Streptomyces griseus Discovered bacteria, coined the term “Animal cules”. Coined the term “Bacteria”. Discovered the pathogenic nature of Bacteria. Proposed three kingdom classification and placed bacteria under protista. Proposed five kingdom classification, placed bacteria under monera. Developed gram staining technique. Discovered bacterial transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Discovered bacterial conjugation in E.coli Discovered transduction Salmonella typhimurium Discovered an ever largest bacterium Thiomargarita namibiensis Developed vaccine for small pox Developed vaccine for rabbies, coined the term virus, proposed germ theory of disease and established Pasteur research institute Said that A virus is a virus, former director of Pasteur research institute Discovered viruses. Discribed viruses as “contagium vivum fluidum”. Crystallized TMV. Chemical analysis of viruses. Discovered that the TMV is made up of nucleic acid and proteins. Proved the nature of nucleic acid as infections agent and genetic material Discovered that the genetic material in TMV is RNA Described the structure of TMV Discovered bacteria Coined the term bacteriophage

VIRAL DISEASES

Disease	Symptom	Examples
Chlorosis Mosaic Vein clearing Vein banding Ring spots Dwarfing/Stunting Malformation Breaking of flowers	Whitening or yellowing of entire leaf Loss of chlorophyll in isolated patches Loss of chlorophyll in the tissues close to veins Loss of chlorophyll in the lamina except in areas of veins Loss of chlorophyll in circular spots. Reduced growth. Abnormal growth Loss of colour at certain parts and formation of dark colour at certain parts	Peach yellowing disease Tobacco mosaic disease, Bean mosaic, Papaya mosaic , Cauliflower mosaic Bhendi vein clearing Citrus vein banding Tomato spotted wilt, cherry ring spot, papaya ring spot Rice stunting Swollen shoot of cocoa Tulip mosaic break

TRANSMISSION  OF  VIRUSES

Vector	Transmitted viruses
Vegetative parts Mechanical transmission Seeds (Post fertilized form of ovule) Pollen grains/Microspores (First cell of male gametophyte) Insects Nematodes(Xiphenima,Longidorus) Fungi(Olpidium brassicae) (Heterotrophic thallophyte) Phanerogamic parasites (Cuscuta) (Complete stem parasite)	Potato virus, Sugar cane virus, Banana virus Potato virus, TMV Bean mosaic, Lettuce mosaic Cherry ring spot virus Rice tungro, potato leaf roll, papaya mosaic Soil borne viral diseases TNV, soil borne viral diseases. Some viruses

COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF FAMILIES

ASPECT	MALVACEAE	FABACEAE	SOLANACEAE	LILIACEAE
CLASS	Dicotyledonae	Dicotyledonae	Dicotyledonae	Monocotyledonae
SUB-CLASS	Polypetalae	Polypetalae	Gamopetalae	-
SERIES	Thalamiflorae	Calyciflorae	Bicarpellatae	Coronariae
ORDER	Malvales	Rosales	Polemoniales	-
NO. OF GENERA	82	452	85	254
NO. OF SPECIES	1500	8500	2200	4075
TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION	Cosmopolitan Absent in cold regions	Cosmopolitan Abundant-Tropical regions	Discontinuous Abundant – Tropical regions	Cosmopolitan Abundant – Tropical regions
HABITAT	Mesophytes	Mesophytes Ulex – Xerophyte	Mesophytes Solanum surattense – Xerophyte	Mesophytes – Allium, Lilium, Gloriosa, Smilax,  Colchicum Xerophytes – Aloe, Asparagus, Ruscus, Yucca
HABIT	Mostly Herbs Shrubs – Gossypium Hibiscus Trees - Thespesia	Mostly annual  Herbs Shrubs/Trees Tendrillar climbers – Pisum, Lathyrus Twiner - Dolichos	Mostly Herbs Shrubs – Cestrum Trees are rare	Mostly perennial Herbs Shrubs/Trees – Aloe, Yucca, Dracaena
ROOT SYSTEM	Taproot system	Nodular taproot system	Tap root system	Adventitious root  system Fasciculated root -Asparagus
POSITION OF STEM	Aerial	Aerial	Aerial Underground-Solanum tuberosum	Underground Sub aerial – Aloe Aerial – Smilax, Yucca, Dracaena
STEM MODIFICATIONS	-	Tendrillar climbers – Pisum, Lathyrus Twiner - Dolichos	Stem tuber – Solanum tuberosum	Tunicated bulb – Allium cepa, Scilla, Scaly bulb – Lilium Intermediate bulb – Allium sativum Rhizome – Gloriosa Corm – Colchicum Cladodes – Asparagus Ruscus Bulbils – Lilium Suckers – Aloe
HAIRS ON VEGETATIVE PARTS	Stellate hairs	-	Hairs or Prickles are present	Absent
SALIENT ANATOMICAL CHARACTER	Mucilage cavities	-	Bicollateral vascular bundles	Collateral closed vascular bundles Anamalous secondary  growth – Yucca ,Dracaena
POSITION OF LEAVES	Cauline	Cauline	Cauline	Radical – Allium, Lilium Cauline – Smilax, Gloriosa
STIPULE	Stipulate	Stipulate	Exstipulate	Exstipulate or Stipulate (Smilax)
PETIOLE	Petiolate	Petiolate	Petiolate	Petiolate or Sessile –                      Gloriosa
SYMMETRY OF LEAVES	Dorsiventral	Dorsiventral	Dorsiventral	Isobilateral
PHYLLOTAXY	Alternate	Alternate	Alternate Appears to be opposite (or) Whorled at floral regions	Alternate Whorled - Trillium
MORPHOLOGY  OF LEAVES	Simple leaves Palmately lobed – Gossypium Multifoliate – Ceiba	Compound leaves Simple leaves – Crotalaria Unipinnate – Tephrosia Trifoliate – Dolichos	Simple leaves	Simple leaves
VENATION	Reticulate	Reticulate	Reticulate	Parallel Smilax – Reticulate
LEAF MODIFICATIONS	-	Pulvinous, Leaf bases Foliaceous stipules – Pisum, Lathyrus Entire leaf into tendril – Lathyrus Terminal leaflets into tendrils – Pisum Leaflets into spines – Ulex	-	Scales  leaves – Ruscus, Asparagus Spinous leaves –Asparagus Spinous leaf margin – Aloe Spinous leaf apex – Yucca Tendrillar stipules – Smilax Tendrillar leaf apex – Gloriosa Succulent leaves – Yucca Aloe Fleshy leaf bases – Allium, Lilium Reproductive leaves – Scilla
TYPE OF INFLORESCENCE	Solitory cyme Axillary – Hibiscus Terminal – Gossypium Simple raceme OR Compound raceme	Simple raceme OR Compound raceme Axillary simple raceme – Dolichos Terminal simple raceme – Crotalaria	Cymose Terminal solitary cyme – Datura Monochasial Scorpioid – Solanum	Simple raceme – Asparagus Compound raceme – Yucca, Aloe Simple umbel – Smilax, Allium Terminal Solitary cyme – Lilium Axillary solitary cyme - Gloriosa
BRACT	Ebraceteate	Bracteate	Bracteate or Ebraceteate	Bracteate
BRACTEOLE	Bracteolate (Epicalyx) Epicalyx absent in Abutilon , Sida	Bracteolate OR Ebracteolate	Ebracteolate	Ebracteolate
PEDICEL	Pedicellate	Pedicellate	Pedicellate	Pedicellate
TYPE OF FLOWER	Complete	Complete	Complete	Complete Incomplete – Simlax, Ruscus
SEXUALITY OF FLOWER	Bisexual	Bisexual	Bisexual	Bisexual Unisexual – Similax, Ruscus
MEROSITY	Pentamerous	Pentamerous	Pentamerous	Trimerous
SYMMETRY OF FLOWER	Actinomorphic	Zygomorphic	Actinomorphic	Actinomorphic
TYPE OF FLOWER BASED ON POSITION OF GYNOECIUM	Hypogynous	Perigynous	Hypogynous	Hypogynous
NO. OF SEPALS PER FLOWER	5	5	5	6 tepals Polyphyllous or Gamophyllous Odd tepal of outer whorl-- Anterior, Odd tepal of inner whorl—Posterior Valvate aestivation
NATURE OF CALYX	Gamosepalous	Gamosepalous	Gamosepalous
AESTIVATION  SEEN IN CALYX	Valvate	Valvate	Valvate
POSITION OF ODD SEPAL	Posterior	Anterior	Posterior
NO. OF PETALS PER FLOWER	5	5	5
NATURE OF COROLLA	Polypetalous	Polypetalous	Gamopetalous
AESTIVATION FOUND IN COROLLA	Twisted	Descendingly imbricate	Valvate/Twisted (Solanum) (Datura)
POSITION OF ODD PETAL	Anterior	Posterior	Anterior
SPECIAL CHARACTER SEEN IN COROLLA	At base petals are fused with staminal tube	Papilionaceous	-------------	Petaloid perianth
UNION OF PETALS	Only Adhesion	No Adhesion No  Cohesion	Both Cohesion and Adhesion	Commonly No- cohesion Cohesion – Aloe Commonly No –Adhesion Adhesion – Asparagus
NO. OF STAMENS PER FLOWER	Many	10	5	6
NO. OF ANTHER LOBES PER FLOWER	Many (No. of stamens = No. of Anther lobes)	20	10	12
NO. OF MCROSPORANGIA PER FLOWER	Many No. of stamens =  No. of  Microsporangia  2	40	20	24
RATIO BETWEEN ANTHERS ANTHERS LOBES AND MICROSPORANGIA	1 : 1 : 2	1 : 2 : 4	1 : 2 : 4	1 : 2 : 4
RATIO BETWEEN PERIANTH MEMBERS AND STAMENS	10 : Many	1 : 1	2 : 1	1 : 1
ANTHERS	Monothecous Extrorse, Excerted Dorsifixed, Reniform with Transverse dehiscence	Dithecous, Introrse Inserted, Basifixed with longitudinal dehiscence	Dithecous, Introrse Inserted, Basifixed with longitudinal OR Porous (Solanum)  dehiscence	Dithecous, Introrse Inserted, Basifixed with longitudinal dehiscence
UNION OF STAMENS	Both Cohesion (Monadelphous ) and Adhesion (Epipetalous)	Only cohesion (Diadelphous or Monadelphous)	Only Adhesion (Epipetalous)	Commonly NO cohesion and No Adhesion Adhesion – Asparagus (Epiphyllous)
SPECIAL CHARACTERS IN ANDROECIUM	Spinous, Polysiphonous pollengrains, closed staminal tube	Open staminal tube staminal tube is opened towards posterior side Position of single stamen - Posterior	Larger Anthers Stamens are alternate to petals	Outer whorls of  stamens are opposite to outer whorl of tepals and inner whorl of stamens are opposite to inner whorl of tepals
NO. OF CARPELS PER GYNOECIUM	3 – Many 5 – Hibiscus Many – Sida, Abutilon	1	2	3
NO. OF LOCULES IN AN  OVARY	3 – Many	1	2 1 – Capsicum 4 – Datura		3
RATIO BETWEEN CARPELS AND LOCULES	1 : 1	1 : 1	1 : 1 2 : 1 – Capsicum 1 : 2 - Datura		1 : 1
POSITION OF OVARY	Superior	Half-inferior Superior – Crotalaria	Superior		Superior
PLACENTATION	Axile	Marginal	Axile with swollen placenta		Axile
NO. OF STIGMAS	Carpels = Stigmas Carpels = Stigmas X 2	1	1		3
RATIO BETWEEN CARPELS, LOCULES AND STIGMAS	1 : 1 : 1 OR 1 : 1 : 2	1 : 1 : 1	2 : 2 : 1		1 : 1 : 1
NO. OF NECTAR GLANDS PER FLOWER	0 Hibiscus – Many	1	0		3
SPECIAL CHARACTER SEEN IN  GYNOECIUM	Style is enclosed by staminal tube	Curved stigma	Ovary is obliquely arranged at angle of 45		Septal nectaries
TYPE OF POLLINATION	Entamophily	Entamophily	Entamophily		Entamophily
CONTRIVANCES PROMOTES CROSS POLLINATION	Protandry Hibiscus – Herkogamy Selfsterility – Abutilon	Protandry Pollen propottency – Dolichos	Protandry Protogyny – Solanum		Protandry Protogyny – Colchicum Herkogamy – Gloriosa Dicliny –Smilax               Ruscus
COMMONLY SELF POLLINATED PLANTS	-	Pisum, Lathyrus	Nicotiana		-
FRUIT	Loculicidal Capsule – Gossypium, Abelmoschus Schizocarp – Sida Abutilon Berry – Malvaviscus	Legume / Pod Indehiscent pods – Arachis Samara – Pterocarpus Dalbergia	Berry – Solanum  Capsicum, Lycopersicon. Septifragal capsule – Datura, Nicotiana		Loculicidal capsule – Llilium. Septicidal capsule – Gloriosa Berry – Asparagus
SPECIALITY SEEN IN POLLINATION	-	Piston mechanism	-		Yucca – Symbiotic pollination
SEED	Dicotyledonous Endospermic or Non-endospermic	Dicotyledonous Non-Endospermic	Dicotyledonous Endospermic Embryos curved Straight embryo - Nicotiana		Monocotyledonous Endoppermic Embryos are straight or curved
ORNAMENTAL     PLANTS	Hibiscus rosasinensis, H.micranthus, Malvaviscus, Althea	Butea monosperma	Cestrum, Petunia		Asparagus,Yucca,Dracaena ,Gloriosa
FIBRE YIELDING PLANTS	Gossypium, H.cannabinus	Crotalaria	--------------		Yucca,Dracaena
MEDICINAL PLANTS	Abutilon, Sida	Derris, Trigonella	S.surattense, S.nigram, Datura stramonium		Allium, Aloe, Smilax, Gloriosa,Scilla, Colchicum
OIL YIELDING PLANTS	Gossypium	Arachis, Glycine, Derris[medicinal]	----------------		---------------------
VEGATABLES	Abelmoschus, H.cannabinus	Dolichus,Glycine, Trigonella	Solanum,Lycopersicon,Capsicum		---------------
ALKALOIDS	---------------	--------------	Nicotine-Nicotiana, Atropine- Atropa, Capsine-Capsicum		--------------
FODDER PLANTS	------------	Arachis, Crotalaria, Phaseolus	-------------		-------------
CONDIMENTS	-------------	Trigonella	Capsicum		--------------
GREEN MANURE	-----------	Tephrosia, Sesbania	-------------		----------------