Monday, October 14, 2013

TAXONOMY - FAMILIES COMPARATIVE STUDY

COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF FAMILIES

ASPECT	FABACEAE	SOLANACEAE	LILIACEAE
CLASS	Dicotyledonae	Dicotyledonae	Monocotyledonae
SUB-CLASS	Polypetalae	Gamopetalae	-
SERIES	Calyciflorae	Bicarpellatae	Coronariae
ORDER	Rosales	Polemoniales	-
NO. OF GENERA	450	85	254
NO. OF SPECIES	8500	2200	4075
TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION	*Cosmopolitan* *Abundant* in Tropical and sub tropical regions	*Discontinuous* *Abundant* – Tropical regions	Cosmopolitan *Abundant* – Tropical regions
HABITAT	Mesophytes Ulex – *Xerophyte*	Mesophytes Xerophyte –Solanum surattense	*Mesophytes* – Allium, Lilium, Gloriosa, Smilax, Colchicum *Xerophytes* – Aloe, Asparagus, Ruscus, Yucca
HABIT	Mostly annual Herbs Shrubs/Trees Tendrillar climbers – Pisum, Lathyrus Twiner - Dolichos	Mostly Herbs Shrubs – Cestrum Trees are rare	Mostly perennial Herbs Shrubs/Trees – Aloe, Yucca, Dracaena
ROOT SYSTEM	Nodular taproot system	Tap root system	Adventitious root system
ROOT MODIFICATIONS	Nodular roots	----------	Fasciculated roots -Asparagus
POSITION OF STEM	Aerial	Aerial *Underground*-Solanum tuberosum	Underground-Allium,Lilium, Scilla *Sub aerial* – Aloe *Aerial* – Smilax, Yucca, Dracaena
STEM MODIFICATIONS	*Tendrillar climbers* – Pisum, Lathyrus *Twiner* - Dolichos	*Stem tuber* – Solanum tuberosum	*Tunicated bulb* – Allium cepa, Scilla, *Scaly bulb* – Lilium *Intermediate bulb* – Allium sativum *Rhizome* – Gloriosa *Corm* – Colchicum *Cladodes* – Asparagus, Ruscus *Suckers* – Aloe
HAIRS ON VEGETATIVE PARTS	*absent*	Hairs or glabrous(smooth)	Absent
SALIENT ANATOMICAL CHARACTER	*Conjoint , open V.B in stem*	Bicollateral vascular bundles in stem	Conjoint ,closed vascular bundles in stem *Anamalous secondary growth* – *Yucca* ,*Dracaena*
POSITION OF LEAVES	Cauline	Cauline	*Radical* – Allium, Lilium *Cauline* – Smilax, Gloriosa
STIPULE	Stipulate	Exstipulate	Usually Exstipulate , rarely Stipulate (Smilax)
PETIOLE	Petiolate	Petiolate	*Petiolate* *rarely Sessile-( Gloriosa)***
SYMMETRY OF LEAVES	Dorsiventral	Dorsiventral	Isobilateral
PHYLLOTAXY	Alternate	Alternate Appears to be opposite(or) Whorled at floral regions	Alternate Whorled - *Trillium*
MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES	Simple leaves – *Crotalaria, Derris* Compound leaves Unipinnate – *Tephrosia* Trifoliate – *Dolichos*	Simple leaves	Simple leaves
VENATION	Reticulate	Reticulate	Parallel *Smilax* – Reticulate
LEAF MODIFICATIONS	Pulvinous leaf bases Foliaceous stipules – *Pisum, Lathyrus* Entire leaf into tendril – *Lathyrus* Terminal leaflets into tendrils – *Pisum* Leaflets into spines – *Ulex*	-	Scales leaves – Ruscus, Asparagus,Gloriosa, Colchicum Spinous leaves –Asparagus Spinous leaf apex – Yucca Aloe Tendrillar stipules – Smilax Tendrillar leaf apex – Gloriosa Succulent leaves – Yucca Aloe Fleshy leaf bases – Allium, Lilium Reproductive leaves – Scilla
INFLORESCENCE	Simple raceme OR Compound raceme Axillary simple raceme – *Dolichos* Terminal simple raceme – *Crotalaria*	Cymose Terminal solitary cyme – *Datura* Monochasial extra axillary Scorpioid – *Solanum*	Simple raceme – *Asparagus* Compound raceme – Yucca, Aloe Simple umbel – Smilax, Allium Terminal Solitary cyme – Lilium Axillary solitary cyme - Gloriosa
BRACT	Bracteate	Bracteate or Ebraceteate	Bracteate
BRACTEOLE	Bracteolate OR Ebracteolate	Ebracteolate	Ebracteolate
PEDICEL	Pedicellate	Pedicellate	Pedicellate
TYPE OF FLOWER	Complete	Complete	Complete Incomplete – Simlax, Ruscus
SEXUALITY OF FLOWER	Bisexual	Bisexual	Bisexual Unisexual – Similax, Ruscus
MEROSITY	Pentamerous	Pentamerous	Trimerous
SYMMETRY OF FLOWER	Zygomorphic	Actinomorphic	Actinomorphic
TYPE OF FLOWER BASED ON POSITION OF GYNOECIUM	Perigynous	Hypogynous	Hypogynous
NO. OF SEPALS PER FLOWER	5	5	6 tepals Polyphyllous or Gamophyllous Odd tepal of outer whorl-- Anterior, Odd tepal of inner whorl—Posterior Valvate aestivation
NATURE OF CALYX	Gamosepalous	Gamosepalous
AESTIVATION SEEN IN CALYX	Valvate	Valvate
POSITION OF ODD SEPAL	Anterior	Posterior
UNION OF SEPALS	Only cohesion	Only cohesion
NO. OF PETALS PER FLOWER	5	5
NATURE OF COROLLA	Polypetalous	Gamopetalous
AESTIVATION IN COROLLA	Descendingly imbricate/vexillary	Valvate/Twisted (Solanum) (Datura)
POSITION OF ODD PETAL	Posterior	Anterior
SPECIAL CHARACTER SEEN IN PERIANTH	Papilionaceous corolla	-------------	Petaloid perianth
UNION OF PETALS	No Adhesion No Cohesion	Both Cohesion and Adhesion	Commonly No- cohesion Cohesion – Aloe,Allium Commonly No –Adhesion Adhesion – Asparagus,Allium,Lilium
NO. OF STAMENS PER FLOWER	10	5	6
NO. OF ANTHER LOBES PER FLOWER	20	10	12
NO. OF MCROSPORANGIA PER FLOWER	40	20	24
RATIO BETWEEN ANTHERS ANTHERS LOBES AND MICROSPORANGIA	1 : 2 : 4	1 : 2 : 4	1 : 2 : 4
RATIO BETWEEN PERIANTH MEMBERS AND STAMENS	1 : 1	2 : 1	1 : 1
ANTHERS	Dithecous, Introrse Inserted, Basifixed with longitudinal dehiscence	Dithecous, Introrse Inserted, Basifixed with longitudinal(Datura) OR Porous (Solanum) dehiscence	Dithecous, Introrse Inserted, Basifixed with longitudinal dehiscence
UNION OF STAMENS	Only cohesion (Diadelphous or Monadelphous)	Only Adhesion (Epipetalous)	Commonly no cohesion and no Adhesion Adhesion – Asparagus,Allium,LIlium (Epiphyllous)
SPECIAL CHARACTERS IN ANDROECIUM	Open staminal tube staminal tube is opened towards posterior side Position of single stamen - Posterior	Larger Anthers Stamens are alternate to petals	Outer whorls of stamens are opposite to outer whorl of tepals and inner whorl of stamens are opposite to inner whorl of tepals
NO. OF CARPELS IN GYNOECIUM	1	2	3
NO. OF LOCULES IN AN OVARY	1	Usually-2(Solanum) 1 – Capsicum 4 – Datura	3
RATIO BETWEEN CARPELS AND LOCULES	1 : 1	1 : 1-Solanum 2 : 1 – Capsicum 1 : 2 - Datura	1 : 1
POSITION OF OVARY	Half-inferior Superior – Crotalaria	Superior	Superior
NO OF NON- ESSENTIAL ORGANS PER FLOWER	10	10	06
NO OF ESSENTIAL ORGANS PER FLOWER	11	7	09
NO OF FLORAL LEAVES PER FLOWER	21	17	15
NO OF FLORAL LEAVES SHOW COHESION	16 OR 17	12	3 OR 9
NO OF FLORAL LEAVES SHOW ADHESION	0	10	0 0R 12
NO OF FLORAL LEAVES SHOW BOTH COHESION AND ADHESION	0	5	0 OR 6
RATIO BETWEEN NON-ESSENTIAL AND ESSENTIAL ORGANS	10:11	10:7	2:3(6:9)
PLACENTATION	Marginal	Axile placentation with swollen placenta	Axile
NO. OF STIGMATIC LOBES	1	1	3
RATIO BETWEEN CARPELS, LOCULES AND STIGMATIC LOBES	1 : 1 : 1	2 : 2 : 1	1 : 1 : 1
NO. OF NECTAR GLANDS PER FLOWER	1	0	3
SPECIAL CHARACTER SEEN IN GYNOECIUM	Long and Curved style	Ovary is obliquely arranged at angle of	Septal nectaries
FLORAL FORMULAE	Br.Brl or Ebrl,% or Brl, - Arachis Brl, -Crotolaria Brl. Tephrosia	Br or Ebr, Ebrl	Br. Ebrl or (3+3) - Aloe - Asparagus
TYPE OF POLLINATION	Entamophily	Entamophily	Entamophily
CONTRIVANCES PROMOTE CROSS POLLINATION	Protandry	Protandry Protogyny – Datura , Solanum	Protandry-Allium Protogyny – Colchicum Herkogamy – Gloriosa Dicliny –Smilax Ruscus
COMMONLY SELF POLLINATED PLANTS	Pisum, Lathyrus	Nicotiana	-
FRUIT	Legume / Pod Indehiscent geocarpic pods – Arachis Samara – Pterocarpus Dalbergia	Berry – Solanum Capsicum, Lycopersicon. Septifragal capsule – Datura, Nicotiana	Loculicidal capsule – Llilium. Septicidal capsule – Gloriosa Berry – Asparagus
SPECIALITY SEEN IN POLLINATION	Piston mechanism	-	Yucca – Symbiotic pollination
SEED	Dicotyledonous Non-Endospermic	Dicotyledonous Endospermic Embryos curved Straight embryo - Nicotiana	Monocotyledonous Endoppermic Embryos are straight or curved
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS	----	Cestrum, Petunia	Asparagus, Yucca, Dracaena , Gloriosa, Tulip
FIBRE YIELDING PLANTS	Crotalaria	--------------	Yucca, Dracaena
MEDICINAL PLANTS	Derris, Trigonella	Solanum nigram, Datura stramonium, Atropa, Wethania	Aloe, Smilax, Gloriosa, Scilla,
OIL YIELDING PLANTS	Arachis,Glycine (edible oils) Derris[medicinal]	----------------	---------------------
VEGETABLES	Dolichus,Glycine, Trigonella,Pisum, Arachis	Solanum, Lycopersicon	Asparagus, Allium cepa
ALKALOIDS	--------------	Nicotine-Nicotiana, Atropine- Atropa, Capsine-Capsicum	Colchicine
FODDER PLANTS	Crotalaria, Phaseolus	-------------	-------------
CONDIMENTS	Trigonella	Capsicum	--------------
GREEN MANURE	Tephrosia, Sesbania	-------------	----------------
SPICES	----------------	Capsicum	Allium sativum